At common law, the legal rationales for the marital rape exemption were the following: (Check all that apply)

a. A wife is the property of her husband, and he cannot be charged with damaging his own property.
b. Because a wife is used to having sexual intercourse with her husband, nonconsensual marital sex is not harmful enough to warrant criminalization.
c. Husband and wife are one person in law and a man cannot be charged with raping himself.
d. Marriage constitutes ongoing consent to sexual intercourse which cannot be withdrawn.
e. If marital rape were criminalized, many wives would file false complaints.